Optimization of Boiling Process of Beer Fish by Fuzzy Mathematics Combined with Response Surface Methodology
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摘要: 为实现广西阳朔地方特色菜啤酒鱼的标准化加工,对啤酒鱼加工过程中煮制工艺参数进行优化。以罗非鱼为原料,通过模糊数学感官综合评价法,对啤酒鱼嫩度、弹性、组织状态、气味、滋味进行感官的权重分析;利用Box-Behnken响应面优化设计研究啤酒添加量、煮制时间、加热功率对啤酒鱼感官评分的影响;分别使用气相色谱-离子迁移谱(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrum, GC-IMS)和质构仪对用最优参数煮制的啤酒鱼进行挥发性风味物质测定及质构剖面分析(texture profile analysis, TPA)。结果表明:嫩度和滋味是影响啤酒鱼模糊数学感官综合评价值的重要指标,工艺参数对啤酒鱼综合评价值的影响强弱顺序为煮制时间>啤酒添加量>加热功率。啤酒鱼最佳煮制工艺参数为:啤酒添加量66%,煮制时间33 min,加热功率500 W,预测值7.89,实际综合评价值为7.91。啤酒鱼的啤酒风味主要由乙醇、2, 3-戊二酮等醇、酮类物质组成;啤酒的添加使鱼肉的硬度、咀嚼性降低。本研究可为啤酒鱼的工业化生产工艺提供一定的理论支持。Abstract: In order to establish a standardized processing procedure of Yangshuo beer fish, the boiling process parameters of beer fish were studied. The tilapia was taken as raw material for cooking, and the sensory weight assessments of tenderness, elasticity, tissue state, smell and taste of beer fish were carried out through fuzzy mathematics sensory comprehensive evaluation. The Box-Behnken response surface methodology was used to study the effect of beer additive amount, boiling time and heating power on sensory evaluation of beer fish. Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrum (GC-IMS) and texture analyzer were used to analyze the volatile flavor compounds and texture profile analysis (TPA) of beer fish boiled with optimal parameters, respectively. The results showed that the tenderness and the taste were important indexes for fuzzy mathematics sensory comprehensive evaluation of beer fish, and the effect order of process parameters on comprehensive evaluation could be arranged as followed: boiling time>beer additive amount>heating power. The optimum boiling process parameters for beer fish were found to be beer additive amount of 66%, boiling for 33 min with heating power of 500 W, the predict comprehensive sensory value was 7.89, and the observed comprehensive sensory value was 7.91. The main volatile flavor compounds of the beer fish contributed by beer were alcohols and ketones like ethanol and 2, 3-pentanedione. Beer could reduce the hardness and chewiness of the fish. This study could provide some theoretical support for the industrial production process of beer fish.
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Key words:
- beer fish /
- fuzzy mathematics /
- sensory evaluation /
- flavour /
- texture /
- boiling process
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表 1 响应面试验因素水平表
Table 1. Factors and levels table of response surface experiments
因素 水平 −1 0 1 X1啤酒添加量(%) 40 60 80 X2煮制时间(min) 20 30 40 X3加热功率(W) 500 1000 1500 表 2 啤酒鱼感官评价评分标准
Table 2. Sensory evaluation standard of beer fish
指标 定义 评分标准 分值 等级 嫩度 将样品放在臼齿间(口腔后方两侧的牙齿)并均匀咀嚼,评价压迫食品所需的力量。 肉质柔软,嚼碎所需时间很短。 9~10 优 肉质较柔软,嚼碎所需时间较短。 6~8 良 肉质较粗硬,嚼碎所需时间较长。 3~5 中 肉质很粗硬,嚼碎所需时间很长。 0~2 差 弹性 与形变恢复速度以及与解除形变压力后恢复原状程度有关的机械特性。 挤压后的凹陷能立即恢复为原状,弹性很好。 9~10 优 挤压后的凹陷能较快恢复为原状,弹性较好。 6~8 良 挤压后的凹陷能缓慢恢复原状,弹性较差。 3~5 中 挤压后的凹陷不能恢复原状,弹性很差。 0~2 差 组织状态 鱼体的外表形态,从鱼体剥离鱼肉时的感觉。 鱼体完整,肌肉组织紧密。 9~10 优 鱼体基本完整,肌肉组织较为紧密。 6~8 良 鱼体较不完整,肌肉组织较为松散。 3~5 中 鱼体不完整,肌肉组织很松散。 0~2 差 气味 嗅某些挥发性物质时,嗅觉器官所感受到的感官特性。 香气浓郁,富有啤酒特有香气,没有腥味等不良气味。 9~10 优 香气较明显,啤酒香气较淡,没有腥味等不良气味。 6~8 良 香气不明显,啤酒香气很淡,有较明显鱼腥味等不良气味。 3~5 中 香气不明显,无啤酒香气,有明显鱼腥味等不良气味。 0~2 差 滋味 在物质刺激下,味觉器官感知的感觉。 咸淡适宜,啤酒的苦味适中,富有鱼的鲜味。 9~10 优 咸淡较适宜,啤酒的苦味较淡或较浓,鱼的鲜味较淡。 6~8 良 较咸或较淡,啤酒的苦味很淡或很浓,鱼的鲜味很淡。 3~5 中 很咸或很淡,无啤酒的苦味或过浓,无鱼的鲜味。 0~2 差 表 3 响应面优化试验设计与结果
Table 3. Design and results of response surface experiments
试验号 X1 X2 X3 Y综合评价值 实测值 预测值 1 1 1 0 7.14 7.12 2 0 −1 −1 7.09 7.12 3 0 −1 1 7.23 7.29 4 1 0 1 7.19 7.24 5 −1 −1 0 6.39 6.40 6 −1 1 0 6.96 7.06 7 0 0 0 7.74 7.81 8 1 −1 0 7.07 6.97 9 0 1 1 7.58 7.55 10 0 0 0 7.87 7.81 11 −1 0 −1 6.94 6.90 12 0 1 −1 7.73 7.67 13 0 0 0 7.92 7.81 14 0 0 0 7.73 7.81 15 −1 0 1 7.43 7.36 16 0 0 0 7.79 7.81 17 1 0 −1 7.57 7.64 表 4 响应面二次模型的方差分析
Table 4. Analysis of variance for the response surface quadratic model
方差来源 平方和 自由度 均方差 F值 P值 模型 2.7200 9 0.3000 29.18 <0.0001 X1 0.2000 1 0.2000 18.97 0.0033 X2 0.3300 1 0.3300 31.98 0.0008 X3 0.0015 1 0.0015 0.15 0.7121 X1X2 0.0640 1 0.0640 6.17 0.0420 X1X3 0.1900 1 0.1900 18.39 0.0036 X2X3 0.0200 1 0.0200 1.93 0.2077 X12 1.1400 1 1.1400 109.9 <0.0001 X22 0.6700 1 0.6700 64.44 <0.0001 X32 0.0001 1 0.0001 0.012 0.9148 残差 0.072 7 0.0100 失拟项 0.044 3 0.0150 2.12 0.2407 误差项 0.028 4 0.0070 总和 2.790 16 R2=0.9744 R2adj =0.9407 表 5 啤酒鱼的鱼肉质构特性、pH及综合评价值
Table 5. Texture profile analysis, pH and comprehensive evaluation value of beer fish
样品 硬度(N) 弹性(mm) 内聚性 咀嚼性(mJ) pH 综合评价值 空白组 1.59±0.08a 2.88±0.19a 0.47±0.03a 213.51±24.92a 6.82±0.01a 6.15 最优组 1.47±0.09b 2.96±0.33a 0.43±0.03a 199.78±21.70b 6.67±0.02b 7.92 传统组 1.76±0.10c 2.90±0.43a 0.42±0.05a 213.56±41.99a 6.57±0.02c 7.79 注:同一指标下,相同字母标记的数据为差异不显著(P>0.05);不同字母标记的数据为差异显著(P<0.05)。 -
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