Study on Volatile Flavor Compounds from Three Types of Passion Fruit Using Headspace Solid Phase Micro-extraction Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry
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摘要: 为探讨不同类型百香果挥发性风味成分的组成及相对含量,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用对紫、红和黄百香果中挥发性风味成分进行了测定,并结合相对气味活度值(ROVA)探究各成分对样品总体风味的贡献。结果表明,三种类型百香果中共鉴定出32种挥发性风味成分,主要包括酯类12种、烯烃类7种、烷烃类2种、醇类8种、酮类3种,其中共有成分有16种。根据挥发性成分的ROVA,黄百香果的关键挥发性成分(ROVA≥1)有5种,分别为丁酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、芳樟醇和β-紫罗兰酮;但紫、红百香果中关键挥发性风味成分均为4种,分别为丁酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯和β-紫罗兰酮。而且,百香果中还存在对其香气起重要修饰作用成分(0.1≤ROVA≤1),如辛酸乙酯、乙酸己酯、丁酸己酯、β-月桂烯、D-柠檬烯。这些关键风味成分和重要修饰成分共同构成百香果的特征香气,且不同类型间百香果挥发性风味成分差异较大。Abstract: In order to investigate the composition and relative content of volatile flavor ingredients of different varieties of passion fruit, the volatile flavor components of purple, red and yellow passion fruit were determined by headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and combined with the relative odor activity value(ROVA) to explore the contribution of each component to the overall flavor of the samples. The results indicated that 32 kinds of volatile flavor components were identified in three passion fruit, mainly included 12 esters, 7 olefins, 2 alkanes, 8 alcohols and 3 ketones. Among the obtained flavor compounds, there were 16 kinds of common ingredients. According to the ROVA of volatile components, there were five key volatile components (ROVA≥1) of yellow passion fruit, which are ethyl butyrate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl acetate, linalool and β-ionone and there are four key volatile components in purple and red passion fruit, which are ethyl butyrate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl acetate and β-ionone. Furthermore, there were also some important modifying components (0.1≤ROVA≤1) in the passion fruit, such as ethyl octanoate, hexyl acetate, hexyl butyrate, β-myrcene, D-limonene. The key flavor components and the important modifying ingredients above are composed of the characteristic aroma of passion fruit, and the volatile flavor components of passion fruit among different types are remarkably different.
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表 1 三种类型百香果果实的挥发性风味成分
Table 1. Volatile flavor compounds in three passion fruit species
编号 挥发性化合物 保留时间(min) 分子式 相对含量(%) 紫百香果 红百香果 黄百香果 酯类 1 乙酸乙酯(Ethyl acetate) 8.02 C4H8O2 8.05 ± 0.73a 6.42 ± 0.50b 4.66 ± 0.49c 2 丁酸乙酯(Ethyl butyrate) 14.88 C6H12O2 15.95± 1.21a 10.83 ± 0.71b 15.64 ± 0.85a 3 2-甲基丁酸甲酯(Methyl 2-methylbutanoate) 15.61 C6H12O2 0.83 ± 0.06 − − 4 己酸乙酯(Ethyl caproate) 22.29 C8H16O2 7.16 ± 0.59b 12.84 ± 0.13a 6.48 ± 0.61b 5 辛酸乙酯(Ethyl caprylate) 22.49 C10H20O2 0.74 ± 0.05b 0.35 ± 0.02c 1.79 ± 0.05a 6 (Z)-3-己烯-1-醇-乙酸酯((Z)-3-hexen-ol-acetate) 22.64 C13H24O 7.60 ± 0.43a 4.52 ± 0.15a 2.64 ± 0.33c 7 邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(dibutylphthalate) 26.85 C16H22O4 6.21 ± 0.39a 2.23 ± 0.03c 7.18 ± 0.65a 8 (Z)-丁酸-3-己烯基酯((Z)-butyric acid -3 -hexenyl ester) 28.64 C10H18O2 2.58 ± 0.10b 5.56 ± 0.51a − 9 (E)-丁酸-3-己烯基酯((E)-butyric acid-3 -hexenylester) 28.67 C10H18O2 5.36 ± 0.11a 4.38 ± 0.32b − 10 乙酸己酯(Hexyl acetate) 28.73 C8H16O2 − 6.10 ± 0.20b 7.75 ± 0.34a 11 丁酸己酯(Hexyl butyrate) 28.76 C10H20O2 12.48± 0.95b 15.03 ± 0.49a 4.89 ± 0.50c 12 己酸己酯(Hexyl hexanoate) 34.55 C12H24O2 20.41± 1.47b 25.58 ± 1.35a 18.80 ± 1.12c 烯烃类 13 β-月桂烯(β-myrcene) 22.04 C10H16 0.48 ± 0.05b 0.34 ± 0.04c 0.70 ± 0.61a 14 D-柠檬烯(D-limonene) 23.79 C10H16 0.32 ± 0.06b 0.20 ± 0.01b 3.44 ± 0.32a 15 萜品油烯(Terpinolene) 25.98 C10H16 − − 1.50 ± 0.07 16 3-蒈烯(3-carene) 26.11 C10H16 − 0.36 ± 0.01 − 17 β-罗勒烯(β-Ocimene) 26.22 C10H16 0.43 ± 0.05b 0.48 ± 0.04b 2.73 ± 0.06a 18 α-水芹烯(α-phellandrene) 26.31 C10H16 4.34 ± 0.11 − − 19 1-十八烯(1-octadecene) 40.08 C18H36 0.83 ± 0.07b 0.56 ± 0.05c 1.82 ± 0.18a 烷烃类 20 正己烷(n-hexane) 6.59 C6H14 − − 1.06 ± 0.06 21 十四烷(Tetradecane) 34.85 C6H14 − 0.23 ± 0.01 − 醇类 22 乙醇(ethanol) 3.17 C2H6O − − 2.74 ± 0.19 23 1-正己醇(n-hexanol) 10.55 C6H14O 1.08 ± 0.06b 0.28 ± 0.02c 4.71 ± 0.30a 24 苯甲醇(Benzyl alcohol) 17.49 C7H8O 0.97 ± 0.04 − − 25 (Z)-1-辛烯-3-醇((z)-1-octene-3-ol) 24.83 C8H16O 0.59 ± 0.01 − − 26 1-辛醇(1-octanol) 24.93 C8H18O − 0.71 ± 0.05b 1.31 ± 0.16a 27 芳樟醇(Linalool) 29.13 C8H18O 0.48 ± 0.03b 0.24 ± 0.02c 2.40 ± 0.19a 28 松油醇(Terpineol) 29.51 C10H18O 0.78 ± 0.04b 0.45 ± 0.03c 3.44 ± 0.12a 29 二氢-β-紫罗兰醇(Dihydro-β-ionol) 37.50 C13H24O − − 1.84 ± 0.13 酮类 30 2, 3-辛二酮(2, 3-octanedione) 32.31 C8H14O − 0.30 ± 0.01 − 31 二氢-β-紫罗兰酮(Dighydro-β-ionone) 37.15 C13H22O 0.37 ± 0.01b − 2.25 ± 0.12a 32 β-紫罗兰酮(β-lonone) 39.02 C13H20O 1.55 ± 0.11a 1.67 ± 0.14a 1.50 ± 0.13a 注:同行不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05);−表示未检出;表2同。 表 2 三种类型百香果果实中挥发性化合物的种类及其相对含量
Table 2. Categories and relative contents of volatile flavor compounds in three passion fruit species
化合物类别 数量(种) 相对含量(%) 紫百香果 红百香果 黄百香果 紫百香果 红百香果 黄百香果 酯类 11 11 9 87.37 ± 5.49b 93.94 ± 5.68a 58.87 ± 2.87c 烯烃类 5 5 5 6.41 ± 0.54b 1.95 ± 0.10c 10.19 ± 0.23a 烷烃类 − 1 1 − 0.23 ± 0.01b 1.06 ± 0.06a 醇类 5 4 6 3.90 ± 0.21b 1.69 ± 0.14c 27.40 ± 1.23a 酮类 2 2 2 1.92 ± 0.06b 1.97 ± 0.11b 2.25 ± 0.12a 表 3 三种类型百香果中挥发性化合物及其相对气味活度值
Table 3. ROVA of volatile flavor compounds in three passion fruit species
编号 挥发性化合物 阈值(μg/kg) 气味描述 ROVA值 紫百香果 红百香果 黄百香果 1 乙酸乙酯(Ethyl acetate) 5.00[15] 醚类气味、酒香[16] 7.85 9.01 4.53 2 丁酸乙酯(Ethyl butyrate) 0.76[17] 强烈的苹果香、菠萝香
及香蕉香[16]100.00 100.00 100.00 3 己酸乙酯(Ethyl caproate) 1.20[17] 强烈的果香、酒香,并有
香蕉香、苹果香[16]29.09 75.09 26.24 4 辛酸乙酯(Ethyl caprylate) 15.00[18] 具有白兰地香气、果香,
并有甜味[16]0.24 0.16 0.58 5 2-甲基丁酸甲酯(Methyl 2-methyl butyrate) NF * NF − − 6 (Z)-3-己烯-1-醇-乙酸酯((Z)-3-hexen-1-ol-acetate) NF * NF NF NF 7 邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(dibutylphthalate) NF * NF NF NF 8 Z)-丁酸-3-己烯基酯((Z)-butyric acid-3-hexenyl ester) NF * NF NF − 9 (E)-丁酸-3-己烯基酯((E)-butyric
acid-3-hexenyl ester)NF * NF NF − 10 乙酸己酯(Hexyl acetate) 115[19] 水果清香的气味,具有苹果、梨子和香蕉皮的味道[16] 0 0.37 0.33 11 丁酸己酯(Hexyl butyrate) 250[20] 甜果香味[16] 0.47 0.42 0.10 12 己酸己酯(Hexyl hexanoate) 1891.45[21] 豆香味、水果香味[16] 0.05 0.09 0.03 13 β-月桂烯(β-myrcene) 13.00 [22] 香脂香气[12] 0.18 0.18 0.26 14 D-柠檬烯(D-limonene) 60.00[23] 具有柠檬、新鲜橙汁的香气[24] 0.03 0.02 0.28 15 萜品油烯(Terpinolene) NF * − − NF 16 3-蒈烯(3-carene) NF * − NF − 17 β-罗勒烯(β-Ocimene) NF 花香并伴有橙花香气、草香[16] NF NF NF 18 α-水芹烯(α-phellandrene) NF * NF − − 19 1-十八烯(1-octadecene) NF * NF NF NF 20 正己烷(n-hexane) NF * − − NF 21 十四烷(Tetradecane) NF * − NF − 22 乙醇(ethanol) NF 酒香 − − NF 23 1-正己醇(n-hexanol) 500 [25] 百香果味[6] 0.011 <0.01 0.046 24 苯甲醇(Benzyl alcohol) 40927.16 [26] * <0.01 − − 25 1-辛烯-3-醇((z)-1-octene-3-ol) 6.12[26] 具有蘑菇香、玫瑰香、柑橘香、薰衣草香和干草香[15] 0.47 − − 26 1-辛醇(1-octanol) 110.00[11] * − 0.05 0.06 27 芳樟醇(Linalool) 5.30[23] 紫丁香、玫瑰与铃兰的花香、果香、木香[16 ]* 0.44 0.32 2.20 28 松油醇(Terpineol) 240.00[27] * 0.016 0.013 0.070 29 二氢-β-紫罗兰醇(Dihydro-β-ionol) NF * − − − 30 2, 3-辛二酮(2, 3-octanedione) NF * − − − 31 二氢-β-紫罗兰酮(Dighydro-β-ionone) NF * − − − 32 β-紫罗兰酮(β-lonone) 3.50[17] 紫罗兰香气、类似松木香[16 ] 2.16 3.35 2.08 注:NF:表示未查到该化合物的感觉阈值;*:表示未查到该化合物的气味描述;-:表示未检测到该化合物。 -
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