Oxidation Stability and Shelf Life Prediction of Refined Eucommia ulmoides Seed Oil
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摘要: 本文以杜仲籽毛油为原料,经过精炼后以过氧化值、酸价和脂肪酸含量为评判指标,采用Schaal烘箱法探究了5种抗氧化剂在不同浓度和温度下对杜仲籽精炼油氧化稳定性的影响,建立了杜仲籽精炼油货架期模型,预测其货架期。结果表明,添加丁基羟基茴香醚(butyl hydroxyanisole,BHA)、叔丁基对苯二酚(tert-butyl hydroquinone,TBHQ)、维生素E(vitamin E,VE)、鼠尾草酸(carnosic acid,CA)和L-抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯(L-ascorbyl palmitate,L-AP)的抗氧化效果从大到小依次为TBHQ>CA>L-AP>BHA>VE,CA、TBHQ、VE、BHA、L-AP的最佳添加量分别为0.05%、0.02%、0.01%、0.02%、0.02%;随着储藏温度的升高和储藏时间的延长,过氧化值和酸价升高,氧化速度加快,饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸含量增加,不饱和脂肪酸含量减少;杜仲籽精炼油的氧化符合一级氧化动力学反应,通过构建的杜仲籽精炼油货架期模型,预测出在25、40、50和60 ℃的温度下,杜仲籽精炼油的货架期分别为10.70、8.76、7.74和6.89 d,添加抗氧化剂能延缓不饱和脂肪酸的氧化,其中TBHQ的抗氧化效果最好,添加0.02% TBHQ的杜仲籽精炼油的货架期可以延长至41.41、19.71、12.48和8.13 d,说明添加抗氧化剂可以有效延长杜仲籽精炼油的货架期。Abstract: Taking crude Eucommia ulmoides seed oil as raw material, after refining, the effects of antioxidants and temperature on the oxidation stability of refined Eucommia ulmoides seed oil were studied by Schaal oven test according to peroxide value, acid value and fatty acid content. The shelf life model of refined Eucommia ulmoides seed oil was established and the shelf life was estimated. The results showed that the antioxidant effects of butyl hydroxyanisole (BHA), tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), vitamin E (VE), carnosic acid (CA) and L-ascorbyl palmitate (L-AP) were in the order of TBHQ>CA>L-AP>BHA>VE, and the optimum addition of CA, TBHQ, VE, BHA and L-AP were 0.05%, 0.02%, 0.01%, 0.02% and 0.02%, respectively. With the increasing of storage temperature and time, the peroxide value, acid value and the oxidation rate increased, the content of saturated fatty acid and monounsaturated fatty acid increased, and the content of unsaturated fatty acid decreased; the oxidation of refined Eucommia ulmoides seed oil followed the first-order oxidation kinetic reaction, and the shelf life was predicted to be 10.70, 8.76, 7.74 and 6.89 d at 25, 40, 50 and 60 ℃ respectively. Adding antioxidants could delay the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, and the antioxidant effect of TBHQ was the best, the shelf life of refined Eucommia ulmoides seed oil with 0.02% TBHQ could be extended to 41.41, 19.71, 12.48 and 8.13 d. It was suggested that, the shelf life of refined Eucommia ulmoides seed oil could be effectively prolonged by adding antioxidants.
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Key words:
- refined Eucommia ulmoides seed oil /
- antioxidant /
- oxidative stability /
- shelf life
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表 1 初始杜仲籽精炼油脂肪酸组成
Table 1. Initial fatty acid composition of refined Eucommia ulmoides seed oil
脂肪酸 含量(%) 棕榈酸C16:0 5.69 硬脂酸C18:0 2.30 油酸C18:1n9c 15.67 亚油酸C18:2n6c 10.93 α-亚麻酸C18:3n3 63.01 ∑PUFA 73.94 ∑UFA 89.61 ∑SFA 7.99 注:∑PUFA表示多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA)之和;∑UFA表示不饱和脂肪酸(unsaturated fatty acid,UFA)之和;∑SFA表示饱和脂肪酸(saturated fatty acid,SFA)之和;表2同。 表 2 温度对不同杜仲籽精炼油样品脂肪酸含量的影响
Table 2. Effects of temperature on fatty acid content of different refined Eucommia ulmoides seed oil samples
样品 温度(℃) 天数(d) 棕榈酸
C16:0 (%)硬脂酸
C18:0 (%)油酸
C18:1n9c (%)亚油酸
C18:2n6c (%)α-亚麻酸
C18:3n3 (%)∑PUFA
(%)∑UFA
(%)∑SFA
(%)空白 40 5 5.67 2.31 15.64 10.73 61.72 72.45 88.09 7.98 10 5.70 2.32 15.65 10.70 61.51 72.21 87.86 8.02 15 5.73 2.34 15.66 10.64 60.53 71.17 86.83 8.07 20 5.78 2.35 15.69 10.63 60.36 70.99 86.68 8.13 25 5.80 2.38 15.70 10.63 59.54 70.17 85.87 8.18 50 5 5.70 2.34 15.66 10.72 61.53 72.25 87.91 8.04 10 5.72 2.34 15.67 10.68 61.44 72.12 87.79 8.06 15 5.74 2.35 15.68 10.65 60.70 71.35 87.03 8.09 20 5.80 2.37 15.73 10.61 59.20 69.81 85.54 8.17 25 5.80 2.37 15.75 10.43 56.40 66.83 82.58 8.19 60 5 5.73 2.35 15.81 10.68 61.35 72.03 87.84 8.08 10 5.75 2.34 15.74 10.57 61.38 71.95 87.69 8.09 15 5.80 2.35 15.69 10.53 58.55 69.08 84.77 8.15 20 6.00 2.40 15.72 10.50 54.37 64.87 80.59 8.40 25 6.06 2.41 15.79 10.08 52.66 62.74 78.53 8.47 CA 40 5 5.61 2.31 15.62 10.84 62.23 73.07 88.69 7.92 10 5.64 2.31 15.66 10.76 62.00 72.76 88.42 7.95 15 5.67 2.32 15.68 10.69 61.01 71.70 87.38 7.99 20 5.66 2.34 15.80 10.66 60.96 71.62 87.42 8.00 25 5.70 2.39 16.01 10.60 60.77 71.37 87.38 8.09 50 5 5.62 2.31 15.72 10.68 61.80 72.48 88.20 7.93 10 5.63 2.32 15.74 10.64 61.68 72.32 88.06 7.95 15 5.75 2.36 15.78 10.65 61.61 72.26 88.04 8.11 20 5.80 2.39 15.78 10.62 60.62 71.24 87.02 8.19 25 5.74 2.36 15.82 10.58 59.25 69.83 85.65 8.10 60 5 5.68 2.33 15.76 10.72 61.68 72.40 88.16 8.01 10 5.73 2.36 15.86 10.69 61.53 72.22 88.08 8.09 15 5.72 2.35 16.03 10.64 61.18 71.82 87.85 8.07 20 5.73 2.35 16.15 10.59 59.73 70.32 86.47 8.08 25 5.94 2.38 16.17 10.58 59.19 69.77 85.54 8.32 TBHQ 40 5 5.62 2.32 15.64 10.91 62.65 73.56 89.20 7.94 10 5.63 2.31 15.70 10.82 62.39 73.21 88.91 7.94 15 5.64 2.35 15.73 10.80 61.95 72.75 88.48 7.99 20 5.66 2.34 15.76 10.72 61.32 72.04 87.80 8.00 25 5.66 2.37 16.05 10.68 61.13 71.81 87.86 8.03 50 5 5.63 2.32 15.68 10.74 62.28 73.02 88.70 7.95 10 5.64 2.32 15.74 10.69 62.00 72.69 88.43 7.96 15 5.75 2.36 15.74 10.66 61.77 72.43 88.17 8.11 20 5.76 2.37 15.78 10.63 61.29 71.92 87.70 8.13 25 5.77 2.36 15.81 10.61 60.08 70.69 86.97 8.13 60 5 5.66 2.33 15.71 10.73 62.15 72.88 88.59 7.99 10 5.69 2.32 15.84 10.72 61.74 72.46 88.30 8.01 15 5.68 2.34 16.03 10.67 61.34 72.01 88.04 8.02 20 5.71 2.35 16.05 10.62 60.70 71.32 87.37 8.06 25 5.79 2.36 16.15 10.53 60.25 70.67 86.93 8.15 VE 40 5 5.64 2.30 15.13 10.66 61.70 72.36 87.49 7.94 10 5.69 2.30 15.20 10.65 61.48 72.13 87.33 7.99 15 5.65 2.30 15.13 10.62 60.50 71.12 86.25 7.95 20 5.74 2.34 15.40 10.61 60.25 70.86 86.26 8.08 25 6.03 2.46 16.01 10.60 59.42 70.02 86.03 8.23 50 5 5.65 2.30 15.15 10.67 61.48 72.15 87.30 7.95 10 5.69 2.31 15.25 10.70 61.16 71.86 87.11 8.00 15 5.70 2.33 15.36 10.62 60.36 70.98 86.34 8.03 20 5.83 2.41 15.60 10.61 59.13 69.74 85.34 8.24 25 5.87 2.42 15.71 10.51 56.00 66.51 82.10 8.29 60 5 5.71 2.32 15.35 10.78 61.92 72.70 88.05 8.03 10 5.79 2.36 15.51 10.65 61.27 71.92 87.43 8.15 15 5.68 2.32 15.66 10.51 58.46 68.97 84.63 8.00 20 5.86 2.34 15.83 10.61 54.07 64.68 80.51 8.20 25 6.18 2.38 18.28 9.94 52.35 62.29 80.57 8.56 BHA 40 5 5.67 2.31 15.66 10.77 61.78 72.55 88.21 7.98 10 5.72 2.33 15.71 10.78 61.60 72.38 88.09 8.05 15 5.72 2.35 16.09 10.69 60.94 71.63 87.72 8.07 20 5.74 2.34 15.80 10.62 60.57 71.19 86.99 8.08 25 5.77 2.37 16.01 10.62 60.20 70.82 86.83 8.14 50 5 5.70 2.35 15.73 10.77 61.59 72.36 88.09 8.05 10 5.71 2.35 15.75 10.71 61.50 72.21 87.96 8.06 15 5.75 2.36 15.81 10.68 61.02 71.70 87.51 8.11 20 5.80 2.38 15.82 10.63 59.99 70.62 86.44 8.18 25 5.85 2.40 15.85 10.62 56.74 67.36 83.21 8.25 60 5 5.69 2.34 15.80 10.69 61.45 72.14 87.94 8.03 10 5.74 2.36 15.87 10.65 61.40 72.05 87.92 8.10 15 5.79 2.36 16.07 10.60 60.98 71.58 87.65 8.15 20 5.81 2.36 16.11 10.55 55.77 66.32 82.43 8.17 25 5.93 2.37 16.35 10.09 53.79 63.88 80.23 8.30 L-AP 40 5 5.61 2.31 15.64 10.87 62.46 73.33 88.97 7.92 10 5.63 2.31 15.65 10.74 62.10 72.84 88.49 7.94 15 5.67 2.33 15.70 10.72 61.64 72.36 88.06 8.00 20 5.67 2.34 15.79 10.64 61.04 71.68 87.47 8.01 25 5.68 2.38 16.04 10.64 60.80 71.44 87.48 8.06 50 5 5.63 2.32 15.69 10.72 61.99 72.71 88.40 7.95 10 5.64 2.32 15.73 10.67 61.80 72.47 88.20 7.96 15 5.75 2.35 15.77 10.64 61.56 72.20 87.97 8.10 20 5.79 2.36 15.80 10.63 60.58 71.21 87.01 8.15 25 5.80 2.40 16.07 10.60 58.72 69.32 85.39 8.20 60 5 5.68 2.34 15.82 10.70 61.51 72.21 88.03 8.02 10 5.74 2.35 15.85 10.70 61.46 72.16 88.01 8.09 15 5.74 2.34 16.02 10.62 61.08 71.70 87.72 8.08 20 5.77 2.36 16.04 10.58 58.82 69.40 85.44 8.13 25 6.05 2.41 16.36 10.38 56.65 67.03 83.39 8.46 表 3 添加不同抗氧化剂的杜仲籽精炼油过氧化值回归方程
Table 3. Peroxide value regression equation of refined Eucommia ulmoides seed oil with different antioxidants
样品 温度(℃) 零级反应回归方程 零级反应回归系数 一级反应回归方程 一级反应回归系数 空白 40 $y = 0.1057x - 0.2500$ 0.9211 $y = 0.1021{e^{0.142x}}$ 0.9643 50 $y = 0.2015x - 0.5240$ 0.8847 $y = 0.1483{e^{0.1556x}}$ 0.9090 60 $y = 0.4397x - 1.4514$ 0.8432 $y = 0.1854{e^{0.1805x}}$ 0.8862 CA 40 $y = 0.0555x - 0.1869$ 0.8019 $y = 0.0573{e^{0.1273x}}$ 0.9722 50 $y = 0.0996x - 0.2321$ 0.9251 $y = 0.0989{e^{0.1408x}}$ 0.9688 60 $y = 0.2218x - 0.7751$ 0.8356 $y = 0.1213{e^{0.1638x}}$ 0.9536 TBHQ 40 $y = 0.0095x + 0.0327$ 0.8077 $y = 0.062{e^{0.0594x}}$ 0.9002 50 $y = 0.0544x - 0.1771$ 0.8109 $y = 0.0586{e^{0.1263x}}$ 0.9765 60 $y = 0.0907x - 0.2830$ 0.8808 $y = 0.0749{e^{0.1436x}}$ 0.9922 VE 40 $y = 0.1089x - 0.2422$ 0.8879 $y = 0.1183{e^{0.1365x}}$ 0.9407 50 $y = 0.2118x - 0.5215$ 0.8792 $y = 0.1613{e^{0.1543x}}$ 0.8824 60 $y = 0.4891x - 1.7433$ 0.8295 $y = 0.1836{e^{0.1832x}}$ 0.8799 BHA 40 $y = 0.0985x - 0.2563$ 0.9081 $y = 0.0911{e^{0.1425x}}$ 0.9786 50 $y = 0.2014x - 0.6487$ 0.8568 $y = 0.1224{e^{0.1609x}}$ 0.9523 60 $y = 0.4786x - 1.9352$ 0.8129 $y = 0.1408{e^{0.1922x}}$ 0.9465 L-AP 40 $y = 0.0303x - 0.0677$ 0.8096 $y = 0.056{e^{0.1036x}}$ 0.9483 50 $y = 0.1202x - 0.4528$ 0.8291 $y = 0.0713{e^{0.1554x}}$ 0.9969 60 $y = 0.2631x - 0.9201$ 0.8408 $y = 0.1307{e^{0.1694x}}$ 0.9456 表 4 添加不同抗氧化剂的杜仲籽精炼油不同储藏温度下过氧化值的变化速率常数
Table 4. Change rate constants of peroxide value of refined Eucommia ulmoides seed oil with different antioxidants at different storage temperatures
样品 储藏温度(K) 过氧化值起始值(A0) 变化速率常数(K) 空白 313.15 0.0730 0.1420 323.15 0.0730 0.1556 333.15 0.0730 0.1805 CA 313.15 0.0730 0.1273 323.15 0.0730 0.1408 333.15 0.0730 0.1638 TBHQ 313.15 0.0730 0.0594 323.15 0.0730 0.1095 333.15 0.0730 0.1436 VE 313.15 0.0730 0.1365 323.15 0.0730 0.1543 333.15 0.0730 0.1832 BHA 313.15 0.0730 0.1425 323.15 0.0730 0.1609 333.15 0.0730 0.1922 L-AP 313.15 0.0730 0.1036 323.15 0.0730 0.1554 333.15 0.0730 0.1864 表 5 杜仲籽精炼油的氧化动力学模型及货架期模型
Table 5. Oxidation kinetics model and shelf life model of refined Eucommia ulmoides seed oil
抗氧化剂 氧化反应动力学模型 货架期模型 空白对照 $k = 7.56 \times \exp \left( { - \dfrac{ {1247.9} }{T} } \right)$ ${A_e} = {A_0}\exp \left[ {7.56 \times {t_e} \times \exp \left( { - \dfrac{ {1247.9} }{T} } \right)} \right]$ CA $k = 8.32 \times \exp \left( { - \dfrac{ {1311.9} }{T} } \right)$ ${A_e} = {A_0}\exp \left[ {8.32 \times {t_e} \times \exp \left( { - \dfrac{ {1311.9} }{T} } \right)} \right]$ TBHQ $k = 160331.69 \times \exp \left( { - \dfrac{ {4621.5} }{T} } \right)$ ${A_e} = {A_0}\exp \left[ {160331.69 \times {t_e} \times \exp \left( { - \dfrac{ {4621.5} }{T} } \right)} \right]$ VE $k = 18.01 \times \exp \left( { - \dfrac{ {1531.8} }{T} } \right)$ ${A_e} = {A_0}\exp \left[ {18.01 \times {t_e} \times \exp \left( { - \dfrac{ {1531.8} }{T} } \right)} \right]$ BHA $k = 20.36 \times \exp \left( { - \dfrac{ {1557.2} }{T} } \right)$ ${A_e} = {A_0}\exp \left[ {20.36 \times {t_e} \times \exp \left( { - \dfrac{ {1557.2} }{T} } \right)} \right]$ L-AP $k = 1968.64 \times \exp \left( { - \dfrac{ {3074.9} }{T} } \right)$ ${A_e} = {A_0}\exp \left[ {1968.64 \times {t_e} \times \exp \left( { - \dfrac{ {3074.9} }{T} } \right)} \right]$ 其中,te表示储藏时间,d;Ae表示t=e时的过氧化值,g/100 g;A0表示杜仲籽精炼油起始过氧化值,g/100 g。 表 6 不同温度下杜仲籽精炼油的货架期及实际储藏期
Table 6. Shelf life and actual storage life of refined Eucommia ulmoides seed oil at different temperatures
样品 储藏温度(℃) 货架期模型预测值(d) 油脂货架期实测值(d) 空白 40 8.76 10 50 7.74 5 60 6.89 5 CA 40 9.76 15 50 8.58 10 60 7.59 5 TBHQ 40 19.71 25 50 12.48 15 60 8.13 10 VE 40 9.10 5 50 7.82 5 60 6.79 5 BHA 40 8.73 10 50 7.49 5 60 6.48 5 L-AP 40 11.50 20 50 8.48 10 60 6.38 5 -
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