Abstract: In order to detect physical and chemical indexes of olive oils rapidly, quantitative analysis models of acid value, peroxide value, ΔK value of olive oil were established by near infrared spectroscopy combined with partial least squares analysis ( PLS) , based on the optimal band and spectral data preprocessing method.The results showed that the correlation coefficients of calibration of the acid value, peroxide value, ΔK value were 0.9945, 0.9939, 0.9923, and the correlation coefficients of prediction were 0.9965, 0.9910, 0.9902.The correlation coefficient of blind samples verification was close to 1, and R² was higher than 0.99, which showed that near infrared spectra quantitative models had high predictive capabilities. The paired t-test was used between the predicted value and the true value of the samples.The results showed that there was no significant difference between the spectral method and the standard method.Therefore, the near infrared quantitative analysis models can realize the fast and accurate detection of physical and chemical indexes.