Risk Analysis and Countermeasures of Excessive Pesticide Residues in China's Export of Grapes to ASEAN
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摘要: 葡萄是中国向东盟出口量较大的农产品之一。葡萄在生产过程中极易发生病虫害，会使用到多种农药，影响着葡萄质量安全，中国及东盟国家均制定了葡萄上的农药最大残留限量（maximum residue limit，MRL）。本文比较了中国和泰国、越南、印度尼西亚、菲律宾、新加坡、马来西亚和缅甸葡萄上的农药MRL，分析葡萄出口时的农残违规风险。结论显示，代森锰锌、福美双、嘧菌酯和烯酰吗啉这4种国内葡萄上登记使用的杀菌剂和甲氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、氟虫腈、马拉硫磷、溴氰菊酯、敌百虫这6种国内葡萄上未登记的杀虫剂出口时农残违规风险较高。此外，泰国和马来西亚都制定了默认限量0.01 mg/kg，对于这两个国家法规和国际食品法典委员会（Codex Alimentarius Commission，CAC）都没有制定限量标准且我国在葡萄上有登记的农药，出口时同样应引起关注。
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关键词:
- 东盟 /
- 葡萄 /
- 农药 /
- 最大残留限量(MRL)
Abstract: Grape is one of the largest agricultural products exported from China to ASEAN. Grapes are prone to diseases and insect pests in the production process, and a variety of pesticides are used on them. Pesticide residue is an important factor affecting the quality and safety of grapes. Both China and ASEAN countries have set the maximum residue limit (MRL) of pesticides on grapes. This paper compares the pesticide MRL on grapes in China, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia and Myanmar, and analyses the risk of excessive pesticide residues in China's export of grapes to ASEAN. The conclusion shows that mancozeb, thiram, azoxystrobin, dimethomorph which are registered on grapes, and fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, fipronil, malathion, deltamethrin, trichlorfon which are unregistered on grapes, have a high risk of excessive pesticide residues when exporting grapes. In addition, Thailand and Malaysia have set a default limit of 0.01 mg/kg, for the pesticides which are registered on grapes in China and have no standard in these two counties and Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), should also be concerned when exporting grapes.-
Key words:
- ASEAN /
- grape /
- pesticide /
- maximum residue limit (MRL)
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表 1 2016~2020年中国向东盟主要贸易国出口的葡萄量（吨）
Table 1. China’s export of grapes to major ASEAN trading countries in 2016~2020 (t)
国家 2016年 2017年 2018年 2019年 2020年 泰国 119040.7 119852.9 92118.4 107277.6 115111.0 越南 54202.7 77936.0 67922.2 82328.0 114424.0 印度尼西亚 15673.5 28319.7 56147.6 68549.1 63739.0 菲律宾 419.1 3271.9 6279.1 24399.5 44917.5 马来西亚 13995.0 10526.2 10293.8 17860.8 15201.3 缅甸 4567.8 7923.3 9060.7 14934.9 11629.1 新加坡 62.4 298.6 109.4 23.8 809.6 
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表 2 泰国MRL/EMRL严于中国国标的农药及限量值
Table 2. The MRL/EMRL which Thailand is stricter than China
农药中文名称 农药英文名称 泰国限量值（mg/kg）[10-12] 中国限量值（mg/kg）[8] 代森锰锌# Mancozeb 葡萄：2 葡萄：5 丙森锌# Propineb 葡萄：2 葡萄：5 福美双# Thiram 葡萄：2 葡萄：5 福美锌 Ziram 葡萄：2 葡萄：5 毒死蜱 Chlorpyrifos 新鲜蔬菜、新鲜水果以及其他植物：0.005 葡萄：0.5 百草枯 Paraquat 新鲜蔬菜、新鲜水果以及其他植物：0.005 浆果和其他小型类水果：0.01* 噻菌灵# Thiabendazole 植物农产品：0.1 葡萄：5 甲氰菊酯 Fenpropathrin 植物农产品：0.05 浆果和其他小型类水果（草莓除外）：5 氰戊菊酯 Fenvalerate 植物农产品：0.02 浆果和其他小型类水果：0.2 氟虫腈 Fipronil 植物农产品：0.005 浆果和其他小型类水果：0.02 氧乐果 Omethoate 植物农产品：不得检出 浆果和其他小型类水果：0.02 滴滴涕 DDT 水果：0.01 浆果和其他小型类水果：0.05 异狄氏剂 Endrin 水果：0.01 浆果和其他小型类水果：0.05 注：*表示该限量为临时限量；#表示该农药国内在葡萄上登记；表3~表7同。
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表 7 CAC农残标准严于中国国标的农药及限量值
Table 7. The MRL which CAC is stricter than China
农药中文名称 农药英文名称 CAC限量值（mg/kg）[27] 中国限量值（mg/kg）[8] 嘧菌酯# Azoxystrobin 葡萄：2 浆果和其他小型类水果（越橘、草莓除外）：5 百菌清# Chlorothalonil 葡萄：3 葡萄：10 嘧菌环胺# Cyprodinil 葡萄：3 葡萄：20 烯酰吗啉# Dimethomorph 葡萄：3 葡萄：5 乙烯利 Ethephon 葡萄：0.8 葡萄：1 噁唑菌酮# Famoxadone 葡萄：2 葡萄：5 氟硅唑# Flusilazole 葡萄：0.2 葡萄：0.5 氟唑菌酰胺# Fluxapyroxad 葡萄：3 浆果和其他小型类水果（越橘、草莓除外）：7* 马拉硫磷 Malathion 葡萄：5 葡萄：8 腈菌唑# Myclobutanil 葡萄：0.9 葡萄：1
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