肉中的兽药和瘦肉精残留及其检测技术研究进展

张蕾; 张玉娇; 王玉宁; 张一敏; 董鹏程; 罗欣; 毛衍伟

doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2022040014

肉中的兽药和瘦肉精残留及其检测技术研究进展

doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2022040014

1.
山东农业大学食品科学与工程学院，山东泰安 271000
2.
济宁市疾病预防控制中心，山东济宁 272000

基金项目: 国家重点研发政府间国际科技创新合作专项（2019YFE0103800）；山东省生猪产业技术体系（SDAIT-08-10）；现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金资助-肉牛CARS-37。

详细信息

作者简介:
张蕾（2001−），女，本科，研究方向：食品科学与工程，E-mail：leizhang0418@163.com

通讯作者:
毛衍伟（1981−），男，博士，副教授，研究方向：动物性食品加工与品质安全控制，E-mail：maoyanwei@163.com

中图分类号: TS251.7
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-04-06
- 网络出版日期: 2022-12-13
- 刊出日期: 2023-01-17

The Residue of Veterinary Medicine and Leanness-enhancing Agents in Meat and Advance in Detection Technology

1.
College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271000, China
2.
Jining Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jining 272000, China

摘要

摘要: 肉与肉制品中的兽药和瘦肉精残留是影响食品安全的重要因素。因此，明确肉与肉制品中有害残留物，开发快速、准确检测肉中有害残留物的技术，对控制肉与肉制品中的有害残留物，保证肉类食品安全具有重要意义。本文总结了畜牧业中常用的抗菌类药物和瘦肉精的代表性有害残留物，对比分析了表面增强拉曼光谱技术(surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy，SERS)、液相色谱-质谱法(liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry，LC-MS)和免疫分析技术这三种最具代表性的技术在抗生素和瘦肉精检测中应用的范围、优缺点、关键影响因素等，以期为肉与肉制品安全控制、兽药和瘦肉精残留物质检测提供指导。
- 抗菌类药物 /
- 瘦肉精 /
- 检测技术
Abstract: The residue of veterinary medicine and brown meat essence in meat and meat products is an important factor that affects food safety. Therefore, there is of great significance to review the harmful residues in meat and meat products and develop rapid and accurate detection technologies, which will favor control of these harmful residues and guarantee the safety of meat. This review summarizes antibacterial drugs and leanness-enhancing agents that are commonly used in animal husbandry and analyzed the application range, advantages, and disadvantages, key influencing factors of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and immunoassay in the detection of antibiotics and leanness-enhancing agents. This review is anticipated to provide guidance for the safety control and veterinary medicine and leanness-enhancing agents residues detection of meat and meat products.
- antibacterial drugs /
- leanness-enhancing agents /
- detection technology

HTML全文

表 1 肉与肉制品中常见的抗生素残留

Table 1. The common antibiotic residues in meat and meat products

抗菌药物	结构特点	典型代表产品	作用及其机理	特点	国标限量（单位，μg/kg）	残留标志物	来源
四环素类	含有氢化骈四苯基本骨架	四环素	抑制细菌蛋白质的合成，对革兰氏阳性和阴性菌均具有良好的抗菌效果	广谱抗菌、成本低	200	四环素	[14]
		土霉素			200	土霉素
		金霉素			200	金霉素
		多西环素			100	多西环素
β-内酰胺类	化学结构中含有β-内酰胺环	青霉素	抑制革兰氏阴性和阳性菌细胞壁的合成；与PBPs相互作用，阻断转肽反应，导致细胞溶解和死亡	广谱抗菌、杀菌活性强、毒性低、适应性广	50	青霉素	[15]
β-内酰胺类	化学结构中含有β-内酰胺环	头孢菌素	抑制革兰氏阴性和阳性菌细胞壁的合成；与PBPs相互作用，阻断转肽反应，导致细胞溶解和死亡	广谱抗菌、杀菌活性强、毒性低、适应性广	50	头孢喹肟	[15]
大环内酯类	分子结构中具有一个14至16碳内酯环，上面附着着一个或多个脱氧糖或氨基糖残基	红霉素	与核糖体结合并干扰细菌蛋白质的合成，对支原体、革兰氏阳性菌和一些革兰氏阴性菌具有抗菌活性	吸收快，半衰期长，相对安全	鸡肌肉：100 其他动物肌肉：50	红霉素A	[16-17]
大环内酯类	分子结构中具有一个14至16碳内酯环，上面附着着一个或多个脱氧糖或氨基糖残基	庆大霉素	与核糖体结合并干扰细菌蛋白质的合成，对支原体、革兰氏阳性菌和一些革兰氏阴性菌具有抗菌活性	吸收快，半衰期长，相对安全	100	庆大霉素	[16-17]
（氟）喹诺酮类	含有4-喹诺酮基本结构	恩诺沙星	治疗细菌性疾病和支原体感染，对革兰氏阳性和阴性菌具有广谱杀菌活性	广谱抗菌，效价高，无交叉感染，组织穿透性良好	100	恩诺沙星与环丙沙星之和	[18-19]
		沙拉沙星			10	沙拉沙星
		达氟沙星			猪肌肉：100 其他动物肌肉：100
磺胺类	以对位氨基苯磺酰胺为基本结构	磺胺二甲嘧啶	通过与PABA竞争干扰叶酸的合成，阻止细菌的细胞复制，对革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌及球虫等原生生物均有效	广谱抗菌、性质稳定、效率高	100	磺胺二甲嘧啶	[20]
		磺胺二甲嘧啶			1000	兽药原型之和
		磺胺类合成抗菌药			1000	兽药原型之和
注：PBPs：青霉素结合蛋白；PABA：对氨基苯甲酸。

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表 2 用于肉中有害残留物质检测的表面增强拉曼光谱技术

Table 2. The surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy for detection of harmful residues in meat

SERS活性基底	检测基质	有害残留物质	背景信号扣除方法	检测结果		来源
SERS活性基底	检测基质	有害残留物质	背景信号扣除方法	检测限（LOD）	回收率（%）	来源
Fe₃O₄@Au@Ag	猪肉	盐酸克伦特罗		0.003 ng/mL	90.7~108.0	[42]
Au-Ag NPs	鸡翅	环丙沙星		2×10⁻⁷ mol/L	91~105	[43]
OTR202	鸭肉	螺旋霉素	air-PLS	4 mg/L	73.38~105.25	[44]
纳米金胶和OTR103	鸭肉	土霉素	air-PLS	0.2 mg/L	74~102	[45]
OTR202和OTR103	鸭肉	四环素	air-PLS	1.120 mg/L	101~108	[46]
OTR202和OTR103	鸭肉	诺氟沙星	air-PLS	0.1 mg/L	93~111	[47]
		氧氟沙星		0.05 mg/L	89~106
		环丙沙星		0.2 mg/L	97~112
β-CD-Ag NPs	鸡、鸭肉	马博沙星		1.7 nmol/L	101.3~103.1	[48]
GMA-EDMA粉末多孔材料	鸡肉	恩诺沙星		0.01 mg/kg	-	[49]
Ag NPs	鸡、鸭肉	二硝托胺		0.915 nmol/L	95.67~105.39	[50]
Ag NPs	鸡、鸭肉	托曲苏利		1.03 nmol/L	94.79~99.44	[50]
注：Ag NPs ：银纳米粒子；OTR202：金纳米颗粒；OTR103：金胶体增强剂；Fe₃O₄@Au@Ag：Au@Ag复合磁性纳米材料；Au-Ag NPs：金银双金属纳米材料；β-CD-Ag NPs：β-环糊精修饰银纳米粒子；GMA-EDMA：氨基改性甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯-二甲基丙烯酸乙酯；air-PLS：迭代自适应加权惩罚最小二乘法；-：文献中未给出该数据。

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表 3 用于肉中有害残留物质检测的色谱-质谱串联技术

Table 3. The tandem technique of chromatography-mass spectrometry for the detection of harmful residues in meat

色谱-质谱串联方法	前处理方法	检测基质	有害残留物质	检测结果			来源
色谱-质谱串联方法	前处理方法	检测基质	有害残留物质	检测限（LOD，μg/kg）	定量限（LOQ，μg/kg）	回收率（%）	来源
液相色谱-质谱	硼酸钠缓冲液与乙酸乙酯提取，分子印迹固相萃取	猪、牛、鸡肌肉	螺旋霉素、红霉素、替米考星、罗红霉素等	0.1~0.4	0.3~1.0	60.7~100.3	[55]
液相色谱-质谱	丙酮提取，均质离心	猪肌肉、脂肪、肝脏	阿维拉霉素	5	10	100~108	[56]
液相色谱-质谱	乙酸乙腈萃取，正己烷脱脂，高速离心	牛肉、猪肌肉	盐酸布比卡因	0.3	1	60~120	[57]
液相色谱-质谱	乙酸乙腈萃取，正己烷脱脂，高速离心	牛肉、猪肌肉	异氟丙酮乙酸酯	0.6	2	60~120	[57]
液相色谱-三重四极杆/ 线性离子阱复合质谱	甲酸乙腈提取，captiva EMR-Lipid柱净化	牛肌肉、脂肪、肝肾	吡利霉素	5	10	60.2~101.0	[58]
高效液相色谱-串联质谱	乙腈提取，正己烷除脂，低温离心	羊肉	红霉素	5	20	97.54~102.70	[59]
超高液相色谱-串联质谱	高氯酸除蛋白质，乙酸乙酯和叔丁基甲醚萃取	猪瘦肉	沙丁胺醇、特伦特罗、莱克多巴胺	−	0.1	>70	[60]
超高效液相色谱-四级杆/飞行时间质谱	甲酸乙腈提取，PRiME HLB固相萃取柱净化	猪肉、牛肉	兴奋剂药物	0.1~2.0	0.2~4.0	77.99~109.20	[61]
超高效液相色谱-四极杆-静电场轨道阱质谱	柠檬酸缓冲液与甲酸乙腈提取，磁性碳纳米管净化	羊肉	喹诺酮类、大环内酯类、磺胺类	0.09~5.29	−	71.37~94.65	[62]
注：−：文献中未给出该数据。

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表 4 用于肉中有害残留物质检测的免疫分析技术

Table 4. The immunoassay for detection of harmful residues in meat

免疫分析技术	检测原理	检测基质	有害残留物质	检测结果		来源
免疫分析技术	检测原理	检测基质	有害残留物质	检测限（LOD）	回收率（%）	来源
荧光偏振免疫法	荧光物质经单一平面的蓝偏振光照射激发后，恢复至基态是发出单一平面偏振荧光荧光偏振程度与待测抗原浓度呈反比关系	猪肉	莱克多巴胺	0.56 μg/kg	74.8~86.6	[64]
表面等离子体共振生物传感器免疫分析法	生物分子在识别并形成复合物过程中，引起界面折射率变化与一定波长的入射光在界面形成的反射光衰减程度存在直接的相关性	猪肉	莱克多巴胺	0.6 μg/kg	>80	[65]
竞争性间接酶联免疫法	将高特异性的免疫反应和高灵敏度的化学发光反应相结合用以检测抗原或者抗体	猪肉	苯乙酰胺A	0.08 μg/kg	79.6~112.6	[66]
光谱单克隆抗体间接竞争酶联免疫	将可溶性的抗原或抗体结合到聚苯乙烯等固相载体上，利用抗原抗体特异性结合进行免疫反应的定性和定量检测方法	猪肌肉、猪肝、猪肾、牛肌肉	阿维菌素	0.5~5.4 μg/L	78.1~110.5	[67]
直接竞争化学发光酶联免疫吸附法	将化学发光反应与免疫反应相结合，通过过氧化物酶和化学发光底物作用，检测化学发光信号，进而对待测物进行定量检测	鸡肌肉	磺胺类	0.03~26 μg/kg	60.8~97.1	[68]
免疫传感器	直接将抗原抗体免疫反应转变为可检测的连续信号	鸡肌肉	金刚烷胺	0.3 μg/L	78.8~84.3	[69]
双功能介孔二氧化硅纳米球串联偶联免疫分析法	通过介孔二氧化硅包裹的正电荷纳米金和阿维菌素抗体偶联得到提高检测性能	鸡肉	氯霉素阿维菌素四环素链霉素	0.011 μg/L 0.134 μg/L 0.015 μg/L 0.106 μg/L		[70]
量子点荧光免疫分析法	用量子点代替有机荧光试剂进行标记的荧光免疫检测法	猪、鸡	四环素	3.0 μg/kg	78.7~96.4	[71]
			金霉素	2.0 μg/kg	81.8~94.5
			土霉素	6.0 μg/kg	84.5~97.0

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