The Optimization of the Billet Formulation of Microwave Expanded Surimi Products by Response Surface Methodology
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摘要: 以冷冻鱼糜为主要原料,通过单因素实验,考察淀粉种类、淀粉添加量、食盐添加量、膨松剂添加量、蛋清粉添加量对微波膨化鱼糜制品料坯的凝胶强度、膨化度、质构特性、感官评分的影响;采用Plackett-Burman试验筛选确定影响料坯品质的关键因素,通过Box-Behnken试验设计和响应面方差分析优化了微波膨化鱼糜制品料坯的最佳配方。结果显示,最适合添加到微波膨化鱼糜制品料坯中的淀粉种类是糯米淀粉,食盐添加量、糯米粉添加量和复配膨松剂添加量是影响料坯品质的主要影响因素。微波膨化鱼糜制品料坯的最佳配方为:以鱼糜质量为基准,食盐添加量2.16%、糯米粉添加量6.26%、复配膨松剂添加量0.49%、蛋清粉添加量0.9%,在此条件下料坯的凝胶强度为16729.33±270.72 g·mm,感官评分为85.8±0.84,与预测值无显著性差异(P>0.05)。研究为新型鱼糜制品的开发提供了参考依据。Abstract: In this study, the frozen surimi was select as the main raw material, and the effects of starch types, and the additions of starch, salt, leavening agent and egg white powder on the gel strength, expansion ratio, texture properties, and sensory score of surimi billets expanded by microwave were investigated by using single factor experiments. The key factors that influence the quality of surimi billets were screened by the Plackett-Burman experiment, and the optimal formulation of the microwave expanded surimi billets was determined by Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology. The results showed that the optimal starch added in the microwave expanded surimi billet was glutinous rice starch. The amount of salt, glutinous rice starch and leavening agent were the three key factors that determined the quality of surimi billets. The optimal formula of microwave expanded surimi billet was obtained at the salt amount of 2.16% , the glutinous rice flour amount of 6.26%, the compound leavening agent amount of 0.49% and the egg white powder amount of 0.9%, based on the weight of surimi. Under this condition, the gel strength of microwave expanded surimi billet was 16729.33±270.72 g·mm, and the sensory score was 85.8±0.84, respectively, and there were no significant difference between the verification value and the predicted values (P>0.05). The study provided a reference to the development of new surimi products.
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表 1 Plackett-Burman设计因素水平编码表
Table 1. Factors and levels of Plackett-Burman design
编码水平 因素 A食盐添加量(%) B淀粉添加量(%) C蛋清粉添加量(%) D复配膨松剂添加量(%) −1 1 3 0.3 0.3 1 3 9 0.9 0.9 表 2 Box-Behnken设计因素水平编码
Table 2. Factors and levels of Box-Behnken design
编码水平 因素 A食盐添加量(%) B淀粉添加量(%) C复配膨松剂添加量(%) −1 1 3 0.3 0 2 6 0.6 1 3 9 0.9 表 3 感官评价标准
Table 3. Sensory evaluation criteria
项目 外观 口感 色泽 风味 18~25分 膨化好,气泡均匀;
外观平整,厚薄一致硬度适中,弹性好 色泽均匀,偏白色 无鱼腥味,咸度适中 9~17分 膨化较好,气泡较均匀;
外观较平整,厚薄较一致硬度较大,弹性较差 色泽不均,无黄色 略有鱼腥味,偏咸或偏淡 0~8分 未膨化,气泡不均匀;
外观不平整,厚薄不均匀硬度过大,弹性差 出现金黄色 鱼腥味重,过咸 表 4 淀粉种类对料坯质构特性的影响
Table 4. Effects of starch types on texture of surimi billets expanded by microwave
淀粉种类 硬度(g) 弹性(mm) 黏聚性(g) 咀嚼度(mJ) 糯米淀粉 3192.36±756.68d 0.93±0.01bc 0.72±0.02a 2142.33±479.16b 红薯淀粉 4221.34±298.08ab 0.97±0.01a 0.76±0.07a 3095.64±289.00a 玉米淀粉 4087.85±182.60bc 0.96±0.03a 0.76±0.06a 2993.97±318.09a 小麦淀粉 4842.46±912.21ab 0.93±0.01bc 0.72±0.01a 3228.82±598.55a 马铃薯淀粉 3270.67±172.05cd 0.95±0.01ab 0.76±0.05a 2360.33±251.83b 木薯淀粉 4975.17±16.53a 0.91±0.03c 0.69±0.01a 3149.01±169.43a 注:同列不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),表5~表9、表12同。 表 5 食盐添加量对料坯质构特性的影响
Table 5. Effect of salt addition on the texture of surimi billets expanded by microwave
食盐添加量(%) 硬度(g) 弹性(mm) 黏聚性(g) 咀嚼度(mJ) 0 17576.56±966.28a 0.88±0.04ab 0.71±0.03b 10999.21±1119.99a 1 9596.01±736.63d 0.93±0.02a 0.75±0.02ab 6650.91±454.75b 2 5110.29±701.63e 0.94±0.03a 0.82±0.09a 3967.68±935.66c 3 3876.37±610.27e 0.93±0.01a 0.74±0.02b 2464.25±261.82c 4 11099.55±1312.38c 0.89±0.03ab 0.74±0.06b 7369.30±1479.80b 5 12553.88±1184.24b 0.84±0.05b 0.76±0.08ab 8107.51±1447.28b 表 6 淀粉添加量对料坯质构特性的影响
Table 6. Effect of starch addition on the texture of surimi billets expanded by microwave
淀粉添加量(%) 硬度(g) 弹性(mm) 黏聚性(g) 咀嚼度(mJ) 0 10491.66±1267.70b 0.93±0.05a 0.72±0.03b 7098.71±1197.75a 3 5163.93±176.24cd 0.94±0.03a 0.80±0.02a 3913.62±189.84bc 6 4347.71±79.28d 0.91±0.01ab 0.70±0.01b 2762.02±119.03c 9 5267.33±261.18cd 0.91±0.01ab 0.70±0.01b 3336.06±217.38c 12 6696.60±417.80c 0.91±0.01ab 0.82±0.02a 5001.02±267.85b 15 12471.52±2268.20a 0.86±0.04b 0.70±0.01b 7544.05±1060.92a 表 7 蛋清粉添加量对料坯质构特性的影响
Table 7. Effect of egg white powder addition on the texture of surimi billet expanded by microwave
蛋清粉添加量(%) 硬度(g) 弹性(mm) 黏聚性(g) 咀嚼度(mJ) 0 11310.59±940.25a 0.92±0.02a 0.74±0.07a 7880.97±1538.11a 0.3 12568.70±1371.41a 0.90±0.05a 0.74±0.02a 8372.19±1504.75a 0.6 8808.46±768.74b 0.89±0.01a 0.75±0.07a 5938.57±1168.66b 0.9 5256.43±308.26d 0.94±0.02a 0.77±0.06a 3797.35±254.33c 1.2 6222.98±156.15c 0.92±0.01a 0.80±0.07a 4590.67±516.65bc 1.5 7683.34±403.25b 0.92±0.05a 0.73±0.06a 5209.51±556.00bc 表 8 复配膨松剂添加量对料坯质构特性的影响
Table 8. Effect of compound leavening agent addition on the texture of surimi billets expanded by microwave
复配膨松剂添加量(%) 硬度(g) 弹性(mm) 黏聚性(g) 咀嚼度(mJ) 0 9328.82±252.11bc 0.93±0.01a 0.77±0.05a 6688.01±538.48ab 0.3 9706.36±662.84b 0.92±0.03a 0.78±0.08a 7025.43±1446.07a 0.6 11997.80±694.65a 0.88±0.05a 0.76±0.06a 8009.66±707.26a 0.9 9887.59±57.34b 0.92±0.03a 0.81±0.09a 7330.69±1035.67a 1.2 8660.46±262.37c 0.93±0.02a 0.87±0.07a 7067.57±563.77a 1.5 7557.92±374.94d 0.90±0.03a 0.76±0.10a 5206.97±1015.21b 表 9 Plackett-Burman试验设计与结果
Table 9. Plackett-Burman experimental design and results
试验号 A食盐添加量 B淀粉添加量 C蛋清粉添加量 D复配膨松剂添加量 鱼糜凝胶强度(g∙mm) 感官评分(分) 1 1 −1 1 −1 7650.42±118.89b 77.2±0.45bc 2 1 1 −1 1 7664.12±530.83b 78.2±1.30ab 3 −1 1 1 −1 5138.22±42.62e 69.0±1.00e 4 1 −1 1 1 6383.64±207.97d 76.4±0.55c 5 1 1 −1 1 7285.01±142.73bc 78.4±1.52ab 6 1 1 1 −1 8966.14±234.53a 79.6±0.89a 7 −1 1 1 1 4844.99±598.50e 69.8±1.64e 8 −1 −1 1 1 3646.31±142.52f 64.6±1.14f 9 −1 −1 −1 1 2727.51±186.77g 65.8±0.84f 10 1 −1 −1 −1 6771.59±928.30cd 76.4±0.55c 11 −1 1 −1 −1 5107.64±144.91e 71.6±0.89d 12 −1 −1 −1 −1 3695.51±405.57f 69.6±1.14e 表 10 鱼糜凝胶强度回归模型方差分析
Table 10. ANOVA for the regression model of gel strength of surimi
来源 自由度 平方和 均方 F 值 P 值 显著性 模型 4 40248352 10062088 142.23 0.00000088 ** A 1 31885226 31885226 450.69 0.00000013 ** B 1 5509637 5509637 77.88 0.00004847 ** C 1 951102 951102 13.44 0.0080006 ** D 1 1902386 1902386 26.89 0.00127309 ** 残差 7 495232 70747 失拟项 6 423369 70562 0.98 0.64815887 不显著 纯误差 1 71862 71862 总和 265.984 R2 0.9878 R2Adj 0.9809 注:*:P<0.05,表示显著;**:P<0.01,表示极显著,表11、表13、表14同。 表 11 感官评分回归模型方差分析
Table 11. ANOVA for the regression model of sensory score
来源 自由度 平方和 均方 F 值 P 值 显著性 模型 4 299.32 74.83 57.46 0.00002 ** A 1 266.963 266.963 204.98 0.00000193 ** B 1 20.803 20.803 15.97 0.00521 ** C 1 1.47 1.47 1.13 0.32332 D 1 10.083 10.083 7.74 0.0272 * 残差 7 9.117 1.302 失拟项 6 9.097 1.516 75.81 0.08769 不显著 纯误差 1 0.02 0.02 总和 1.14122 R2 0.9704 RAdj2 0.9536 表 12 响应面试验设计与结果
Table 12. Experiment design and results of response surface methodology
试验号 A食盐添加量 B淀粉添加量 C膨松剂添加量 Y1鱼糜凝胶强度(g∙mm) Y2感官评分(分) 1 0 0 0 16355.90±406.39ab 83.4±2.07a 2 1 0 1 5609.31±221.65g 77.2±0.84de 3 0 −1 −1 11423.3±2091.57e 79.4±0.55c 4 0 1 1 9384.88±373.41f 77.4±0.89de 5 0 0 0 16481.04±607.57ab 84.2±1.09a 6 1 −1 0 10964.3±840.89e 78±1.00cd 7 0 0 0 17246.2±1221.68a 83±1.58ab 8 0 1 −1 14286±1571.60cd 79.6±1.82c 9 0 0 0 16628.7±606.73ab 82.6±1.67ab 10 −1 1 0 15265.1±1139.89bc 69.4±0.89g 11 −1 −1 0 8420.91±494.30f 70.6±1.14g 12 0 −1 1 9316.3±372.40f 75.8±0.84e 13 −1 0 −1 13520.7±816.13d 72.6±1.34f 14 0 0 0 16751.58±409.72ab 82.8±1.48ab 15 1 0 −1 11350.5±237.15e 82.6±0.55ab 16 −1 0 1 13137.6±699.21d 73.2±1.09f 17 1 1 0 6416.82±140.01g 81.4±1.14b 表 13 Y1回归模型方差分析
Table 13. ANOVA for the regression model of Y1
来源 自由度 平方和 均方 F值 P值 显著性 模型 9 2.24E+08 2.49E+07 84.73 <0.0001 ** A 1 3.20E+07 3.20E+07 108.8 <0.0001 ** B 1 3.42E+06 3.42E+06 11.61 0.0113 * C 1 2.16E+07 2.16E+07 73.26 <0.0001 ** AB 1 3.24E+07 3.24E+07 110.26 <0.0001 ** AC 1 7.18E+06 7.18E+06 24.39 0.0017 ** BC 1 1.95E+06 1.95E+06 6.63 0.0367 * A2 1 4.62E+07 4.62E+07 156.97 <0.0001 ** B2 1 4.08E+07 4.08E+07 138.75 <0.0001 ** C2 1 2.58E+07 2.58E+07 87.74 <0.0001 ** 残差 7 2.06E+06 2.94E+05 失拟项 3 1.59E+06 5.29E+05 4.48 0.0907 不显著 纯误差 4 4.72E+05 1.18E+05 总和 16 2.27E+08 R2 0.9909 RAdj2 0.9792 表 14 Y2回归模型方差分析
Table 14. ANOVA for the regression model of Y2
来源 自由度 平方和 均方 F值 P值 显著性 模型 9 353.55 39.28 81.6 <0.0001 ** A 1 158.42 158.42 329.06 <0.0001 ** B 1 4.21 4.21 8.73 0.0212 * C 1 5.44 5.44 11.31 0.012 * AB 1 5.29 5.29 10.99 0.0129 * AC 1 3.61 3.61 7.5 0.029 * BC 1 0.04 0.04 0.083 0.7815 A2 1 85.26 85.26 177.1 <0.0001 ** B2 1 62.41 62.41 129.64 <0.0001 ** C2 1 12.89 12.89 26.78 0.0013 ** 残差 7 3.37 0.48 失拟项 3 1.77 0.59 1.47 0.3483 不显著 纯误差 4 1.6 0.4 总和 16 356.92 R2 0.9906 RAdj2 0.9784 -
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