Research Progress of Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymers in Separation and Purification of Natural Active Substances
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摘要: 磁性分子印迹聚合物是将磁性纳米粒子与分子印迹聚合物组装而成的一类新型分离材料，具有选择性高、易分离和易再生的特点，可被用于食品、药品检测前处理以及天然活性物质的分离纯化等领域。本文介绍了磁性分子印迹技术的制备原理和方法，重点综述了近5年（2017~2022）磁性分子印迹聚合物在多酚类、生物碱、有机酸、萜类以及生物大分子化合物等天然活性物质的分离纯化方面的研究进展，并针对当前分离纯化领域的研究难点进行了讨论，以期为高值化、低含量的天然活性成分的富集、纯化及其分析检测提供研究参考。Abstract: Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers are novel separation materials assembled by magnetic nanoparticles and molecularly imprinted polymers, with specific selectivity, easy separation and regeneration, which can be used in the preliminary treatment of food and drugs, and the separation and purification of natural active substances. Herein, the preparation principle and method of magnetic molecular imprinting technology are elucidated, and the research progress (2017~2022) of magnetic molecular imprinting polymers in the separation and purification of natural active substances, such as polyphenols, alkaloids, organic acids, terpenoids, and macromolecules are reviewed. Meanwhile, the difficulties in the field of separation and purification are discussed. This review will provide reference for the enrichment, purification, analysis and detection of natural active substances.
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图 1 磁性分子印迹聚合物制备示意图
Figure 1. Schematic representation for the synthesis of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers
表 1 磁性分子印迹聚合物制备的常用方法
Table 1. The common preparation methods of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers
制备方法 优势 不足 首次报道 参考文献 悬浮聚合法 制备体系组成简单，影响因素可控性强，易操作 受水等极性强溶液影响较大，不适用于油性
模板分子，磁粒子包覆率低1998 [52-53] 乳液聚合法 粒径易控制，乳化剂可增强核-壳结构稳定性 表面活性剂影响材料形貌，去除步骤复杂 2002 [54-55] 溶胶-凝胶法 解决了大分子印迹过程中识别动力学慢的问题，适用于大分子物质印迹，形成的粒子形貌规整且单分散性较好 在粒子表面残留的硅烷偶联剂中疏水链段
会使粒子粘连2006 [56-57] 多巴胺自组装法 过程简单，聚合物具有良好的生物相容性和亲水性，多巴胺印迹壳层的厚度、聚合物的吸附容量和印迹效率可控 聚合时间长，具有毒性，涂层均匀性和稳定
性差，黏附力与沉积机理不清2007 [58-59] 沉淀聚合法 方法简单，无需添加分散剂 模板分子包埋深，洗脱难，传质慢，成本高 2009 [33] 原子转移自由基聚合法 广泛应用在固体表面接枝聚合物层 催化体系活性低，毒性大，催化剂的脱除较困难 2009 [60-61] 可逆加成断裂链转移 合成步骤少，无需使用金属催化剂 RAFT试剂需另外合成且气味难闻 2010 [62] 
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表 2 磁性分子印迹聚合在天然活性成分分离提取中的应用
Table 2. Application of magnetic molecular imprinting polymerization in separation and extraction of natural active substances
化合物种类 样品 印迹样品 提取液溶剂 磁性纳米 参考文献 黄酮类化合物 果汁 芦丁 水 MGO/MHNTs@MIPs [67] 柑橘 橙皮素 乙醇/水 Fe3O4@SiO2@MPS [40] 红茶 儿茶素类 甲醇 Fe3O4-CTS@DES-MIPs [66] 苹果 槲皮素 甲醇/水 Fe3O4 [27] 银杏叶 山奈酚 甲醇 Fe3O4 [68] 生物碱化合物 地下水 吗啡、可待因、诺斯卡品、大麻碱、罂粟碱 水 MAA@Fe3O4 [73] 骆驼蓬 骆驼蓬碱 甲醇/水 Fe3O4@SiO2 [74] 黄连皮 黄连碱、小檗碱 水 UiO-66@PA@PEI@Fe3O4 [75] 有机酸化合物 杜仲黑茶 绿原酸 乙醇/水 Fe3O4@SiO2 [19] 黑茶 没食子酸 水 vinyl-Fe3O4@mSiO2 [81] 环境水样 水杨酸 水 Fe3O4@SiO2 [82] 菠菜、血样 草酸 甲醇/水 DES-Fe3O4 [83] 萜类化合物 栀子果 栀子苷 水 RAFT-Fe3O4@SiO2 [86] 雷公藤 南蛇藤素 甲醇/水 MCNTs [87] 生物大分子 松皮、松果 淀粉多糖 PBS缓冲液 Fe3O4@SiO2 [93-94] 全血 核酸 水（无酶） NpFeSiCl [95-96] 血清 胰岛素 Tris缓冲液 Fe3O4@SiO2@MPS [97] 血清 人血清白蛋白 Tris缓冲液 Fe3O4@CHO [98] 血清、尿液 尿磷蛋白 PBS缓冲液 Fe3O4@TiO2 [99]
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