植物生长调节剂在果蔬中的应用与安全性分析研究进展

赖灯妮; 张群; 尚雪波; 谭欢; 潘兆平; 周雨佳; 彭清辉

doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2022070377

植物生长调节剂在果蔬中的应用与安全性分析研究进展

doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2022070377

赖灯妮^{1, 2,},
张群¹,
尚雪波^{1, 2},
谭欢^{1, 2},
潘兆平^{1, 2},
周雨佳^{1, 2},
彭清辉^3, ,

1.
湖南省农业科学院农产品加工研究所，湖南长沙 410002
2.
农业农村部农产品质量安全风险评估实验室（长沙），湖南长沙 410002
3.
湖南省生产力促进中心，湖南长沙 410013

基金项目: 猕猴桃中典型植物生长调节剂对货架期的主要影响（GJFP202002）；猕猴桃中保鲜剂对果实采后品质影响（14225046）。

详细信息

作者简介:
赖灯妮（1984−），女，博士，副研究员，研究方向：农产品质量安全，E-mail：1193908903@qq.com

通讯作者:
彭清辉（1980−），男，博士，研究方向：农业资源利用与环境保护技术，E-mail：20045724@qq.com

中图分类号: S482.8
计量
- 文章访问数: 80
- HTML全文浏览量: 20
- PDF下载量: 9
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-08-02
- 网络出版日期: 2023-04-18
- 刊出日期: 2023-06-01

Research Progress on the Application and Safety Analysis of Plant Growth Regulator in Fruits and Vegetables

LAI Dengni^{1, 2
,},
ZHANG Qun¹,
SHANG Xuebo^{1, 2},
TAN Huan^{1, 2},
PAN Zhaoping^{1, 2},
ZHOU Yujia^{1, 2},
PENG Qinghui^{3
, ,}

1.
Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Changsha 410002, China
2.
Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Risk Assessment Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (Changsha), Changsha 410002, China
3.
Hunan Productivity Promotion Center, Changsha 410013, China

摘要

摘要: 植物生长调节剂可有效提高果蔬产量、品质，其在果蔬生产中的应用越来越多；对植物生长调节剂残留危害风险的评估也成为了研究热点。本文综述了植物生长调节剂的主要类别、作用和在果蔬中的应用现状；并归纳分析了果蔬中多效唑、氯吡脲、赤霉酸、乙烯利、2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸（2,4-D）等几种主要生长调节剂的危害和残留现状；发现果蔬中乙烯利的平均残留量最高，葡萄、豆芽、草莓等果蔬中植物生长调节剂残留情况最为严重，其潜在的安全隐患应引起重视；而国家现行植物生长调节剂标准中并未覆盖一些果蔬，亟需完善植物生长调节剂残留相关标准及风险评估。
- 植物生长调节剂 /
- 果蔬 /
- 残留 /
- 限量标准 /
- 风险评估
Abstract: Plant growth regulators can effectively improve the yield and quality of fruits and vegetables, and their application in fruit and vegetable production is increasing. The risk assessment of plant growth regulator residues has also become a research hotspot. The paper reviews the main categories, functions and application status of plant growth regulators in fruits and vegetables. The harm and residue status of several main growth regulators such as paclobutrazol, forchlorfenuron, gibberellic acid, ethephon and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in fruits and vegetables are summarized and analyzed. It is found that the average residue of ethephon in fruits and vegetables is the highest, and the residue of plant growth regulator in fruits and vegetables such as grapes, bean sprouts and strawberries is the most serious, and its potential safety hazards should be paid attention to. However, the current national plant growth regulator standards do not cover some fruits and vegetables. It is urgent to improve the relevant standards and risk assessment of plant growth regulator residues.
- plant growth regulator /
- fruits and vegetables /
- residual /
- limit standard /
- risk assessment

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表 1 植物生长调节剂的分类、生理作用及应用

Table 1. Classification, physiological effects and application of plant growth regulators

PGR分类	主要种类	生理作用	果蔬应用
生长促进剂	吲哚乙酸、吲哚丁酸、复硝酚钠、赤霉酸、乙烯利、萘乙酸、氯吡脲、2,4-D等	促进果蔬细胞分裂、分化及伸长生长、促进营养器官生长发育、防脱落、促进果蔬生根发芽、诱导结实、催熟等	荔枝、猕猴桃、樱桃、黄瓜、香蕉、茄子、番茄、火龙果、黑莓、葡萄、核桃、豆芽、芹菜等
生长抑制剂	水杨酸、抑芽丹、整形素、青鲜素、脱落酸等	抑制果蔬顶端分生组织生长、发芽，消除顶端优势，增加侧枝数量，除灭杂草等	葡萄、菊花、西瓜、高粱、水稻、大豆、李、花椒等
生长延缓剂	多效唑、助壮素、矮壮素、烯效唑等	抑制果蔬节间伸长而不抑制顶芽生长，使得植物茎秆变短变粗，减缓果蔬生长速率，增加叶片的厚度和叶绿素含量等	草莓、西瓜、黄瓜、小麦、藜麦、水稻、甘薯等

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表 2 果蔬中常见植物生长调节剂的ADI

Table 2. ADI of common plant growth regulators in fruits and vegetables

植物生长调节剂	ADI（mg/kg·bw）
多效唑	0.1
矮壮素	0.05
萘乙酸	0.15
氯吡脲	0.07
赤霉素	3
乙烯利	0.05
2,4-D	0.01
噻苯隆	0.04
4-氯苯氧乙酸钠	0.08
6-苄基腺嘌呤	0.05
烯效唑	0.02
脱落酸	13.6
注：表中数据来源于文献[23]。

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表 3 果蔬中植物生长调节剂残留现状及最大残留限量

Table 3. Residual status and maximum residue limits of plant growth regulators in fruits and vegetables

调节剂	果蔬种类	样品	残留量（均值μg/kg）	最大残留限量（μg/kg）	参考文献
多效唑	浆果类	草莓	0.000~96.8	−	[45]
		草莓	0.130~145	−	[46]
		葡萄	0.000~2.90	−	[45]
		葡萄	0.026~6.28	−	[42]
		葡萄	0.130~145	−	[46]
	柑橘类	蜜桔、脐橙和砂糖橘	<2.00	−	[50]
	柑橘类	柑橘	0.026~6.28	−	[42]
	核果类	樱桃	0.500~5.00	−	[45]
		樱桃	0.011~2.00	−	[49]
		樱桃	0.130~145	−	[46]
		青枣	0.026~6.28	−	[42]
		杨梅	0.130~145	−	[46]
	仁果类	猕猴桃	0.260~0.810	−	[9]
		雪梨	0.160~1.92	−	[9]
		火龙果	0.026~6.28	−	[42]
		猕猴桃	0.130~145	−	[46]
	其他水果	芒果	0.510~2.36	50	[9]
	其他水果	香蕉	0.026~6.28	−	[42]
	叶菜类	白菜、通菜、西洋菜	0.026~6.28	−	[42]
	根茎类	豆芽	0.130~145	−	[46]
	果菜类	番茄、青瓜、玉米、柿子、豆角	0.026~6.28	−	[42]
	果菜类	黄瓜	0.130~145	−	[46]
矮壮素	浆果类	葡萄、樱桃	2.02~260	−	[46]
	根茎类	土豆	2.02~260	−	[46]
	果菜类	番茄	0.026~2075	1000	[42]
	果菜类	番茄	2.02~260	1000	[46]
萘乙酸	根茎类	豆芽	40.0~1271	−	[51]
	根茎类	豆芽	<0.010	−	[52]
	浆果类	葡萄	0.000~2.40	50	[45]
		葡萄	0.025~2.94	50	[42]
		葡萄	9.00~11.0	50	[44]
		葡萄	50.0	50	[53]
		葡萄	85.0~164	50	[43]
氯吡脲		草莓	0.380~37.1	−	[46]
	核果类	樱桃	0.000~2.40	−	[45]
		樱桃	0.380~37.1	−	[46]
		杨梅	9.00~22.4	50	[54]
	瓜类	西瓜	0.380~37.1	100	[46]
	仁果类	猕猴桃	0.000~7.60	50	[45]
		猕猴桃	0.380~37.1	50	[46]
		猕猴桃	12.0~25.0	50	[44]
		猕猴桃	9.00~22.4	50	[54]
		猕猴桃	90	50	[63]
		猕猴桃	110	50	[63]
		猕猴桃	120	50	[63]
		苹果	0.025~2.94	−	[42]
		火龙果	0.025~2.94	−	[42]
		枇杷	19.0~26.0	50	[44]
	其他水果	香蕉	0.025~2.94	−	[42]
	果菜类	番茄、青瓜、青椒	0.025~2.94	青瓜：100	[42]
赤霉素	浆果类	葡萄	0.000~1.20	−	[45]
		葡萄	0.966~54.6	−	[42]
		葡萄、草莓、蓝莓	0.30~506	−	[46]
		葡萄、草莓、蓝莓	0.000~132.7	−	[55]
		葡萄	0.280~4.60	−	[56]
	核果类	樱桃	0.000~3.50	−	[45]
		大连甜樱桃	21.3~71.1	−	[57]
		青枣	0.966~54.6	−	[40]
	仁果类	火龙果、苹果	0.966~54.6	−	[40]
	瓜类	西瓜	0.30~506	−	[43]
	其他水果	香蕉	0.966~54.6	−	[40]
	果菜类	番茄	0.966~54.6	−	[40]
	果菜类	番茄、黄瓜	0.000~132.7	−	[52]
	根茎类	豆芽	0.30~506	−	[46]
		豆芽	0.000~132	−	[55]
		黄豆芽、绿豆芽	2.36~5.17	−	[58]
乙烯利	浆果类	葡萄	870~1650	1000	[44]
	仁果类	枇杷	1020~1740	−	[44]
	其他水果	芒果	1510	2000	[59]
	果菜类	番茄	1100~1710	−	[44]
	果菜类	黄瓜	840~1020	−	[44]
2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸（2,4-D）	浆果类	草莓	0.000~3.50	−	[45]
		葡萄	0.000~2.90	−	[45]
		桑葚	0.240~4.20	−	[56]
	柑橘类	柑橘	13.0	100	[44]
	核果类	樱桃、杨梅	1.36~80.3	−	[46]
	核果类	荔枝	0.000~1090	−	[60]
	瓜类	西瓜	0.240~4.20	−	[56]
	其他水果	香蕉	0.052~162	−	[42]
	果菜类	番茄、青瓜、玉米、茄子、青椒	0.052~162	−	[42]
	果菜类	番茄	16.0~19.0	500	[44]
	根茎类	豆芽	<0.010	−	[52]
	根茎类	黄豆芽、绿豆芽	2.23~2.98	−	[45]
噻苯隆	浆果类	草莓	178	−	[43]
	核果类	樱桃	0.000~0.700	−	[45]
	果菜类	青瓜	0.611	50	[42]
	根茎类	黄豆芽、绿豆芽	2.53~14.0	−	[58]
4-氯苯氧乙酸钠	浆果类	草莓、蓝莓	0.400~220	−	[46]
	核果类	杨梅	0.400~220	−	[46]
	根茎类	黄豆芽、绿豆芽	4.43~510	不得检出	[58]
		绿豆芽	0.000~136	不得检出	[61]
		黄豆芽	0.000~177	不得检出	[61]
		绿豆芽	3.10	不得检出	[62]
		黄豆芽	42.6	不得检出	[63]
		绿豆芽	294	不得检出	[63]
		豆芽	106	不得检出	[63]
		长黄豆芽	93	不得检出	[63]
		绿豆芽	146	不得检出	[63]
	瓜类	甜瓜	1.01	−	[63]
吲哚乙酸	根茎类	豆芽	<1.92	−	[52]
		黄豆芽、绿豆芽	2.05~8.43	−	[58]
		黄豆芽	7.23~28.6	−	[61]
		绿豆芽	30.7~498	−	[47]
	果菜类	番茄	3.20~6.70	−	[58]
吲哚丁酸	根茎类	豆芽	<0.010	−	[52]
6-苄基腺嘌呤	果菜类	番茄、玉米	0.087~10.1	−	[42]
	根茎类	绿豆芽	0.000~6.90	不得检出	[61]
		黄豆芽	0.000~176	不得检出	[61]
		绿豆芽	16.6~1400	不得检出	[63]
		黄豆芽	24.1~196	不得检出	[63]
烯效唑	浆果类	葡萄	0.095~1.85	−	[42]
	柑橘类	橙、柑橘	0.095~1.85	300	[42]
	其他水果	香蕉	0.095~1.85	−	[42]
	根茎类	土豆	0.095~1.85	−	[42]
脱落酸	浆果类	葡萄	88.0	−	[48]

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