Abstract: Anthocyanins are natural polyphenols with a wide range of biological activities. The structure of anthocyanins is susceptible to changes caused by environmental factors such as pH, light, and temperature. The low stability and bioavailability of anthocyanins during digestion limit their full potential for achieving health benefits. Microencapsulation is an effective way to improve the stability of anthocyanins. It is possible to enhance the stability and prolong the release control of anthocyanins by encapsulating them in single wall or composite wall. The structure, stability-influencing factors and regulatory strategies of anthocyanins are summarized in this paper, along with the types of walls and preparation methods of anthocyanin microcapsules, and the state of research on the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of anthocyanins. This review may serve as a guide for the future research and application of anthocyanins.