Abstract: Oxidative stress, resulting from an imbalance between pro-oxidant and antioxidant processes within the body, is a critical inducer of liver damage. It mediates the progression of hepatic injury by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and modulating key signaling pathways, including kelch like ECH associated protein1(Keap1)/ nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2(Nrf2)/ antioxidant response element(ARE) and nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB). In recent years, antioxidant peptides have become a focus of significant research owing to their potent antioxidant activity and multi-target regulatory properties. These peptides exert hepatoprotective effects by scavenging free radicals, activating antioxidant systems, and regulating lipid metabolism and inflammatory cascades. However, research on antioxidant peptides faces challenges, including non-standardized extraction processes and incomplete elucidation of synergistic mechanisms. Consequently, this review systematically summarizes antioxidant peptide sources and extraction technologies, analyzes their multi-target hepatoprotective mechanisms, and discusses applications of nanoparticle delivery systems and functional foods targeting alcohol metabolism and hepatoprotection, along with other recent advances. This review aims to provide a theoretical foundation for elucidating the hepatoprotective mechanisms of antioxidant peptides, standardizing preparation/extraction protocols, and facilitating the research, development, and clinical translation of related products.