Abstract: With growing concerns regarding food safety, pesticide residues in agricultural products have become a core issue. In recent years, new molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensors (MIECS), formed by integrating molecular imprinting technology (MIT) with electrochemical sensors, have become a leading approach in the detection of pesticide residues in food due to their high selectivity, convenience, and efficiency. The preparation methods of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and the fundamental principles and types of MIECS are reviewed in this paper. Building on this foundation, the research progress of MIECS in pesticide residue detection is focused on encompassing molecularly imprinted amperometric sensors, molecularly imprinted electrochemical impedance sensors and molecularly imprinted electrochemiluminescence sensors from the perspective of electrochemical analysis. The applications of different electrochemical analysis methods are also summarized. It is demonstrated that the selectivity of MIECS for target pesticides can be significantly enhanced through optimization of MIPs synthesis strategies. Additionally, detection signals can be effectively amplified by electrode modification materials exhibiting high electrochemical activity. Crucially, the achievement of specific detection is critically determined by the selection of appropriate electrochemical analysis techniques tailored to the distinct electrochemical properties of different pesticides. Looking ahead, the development of MIECS for rapid pesticide residue detection towards enhanced portability, automation, and detection efficiency still confronts significant challenges.