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中国精品科技期刊2020
甘聃,莫畏贤,李伟. 不同苹果汁发酵苹果醋中风味物质及代谢物差异分析[J]. 食品工业科技,2025,46(16):344−355. doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040283.
引用本文: 甘聃,莫畏贤,李伟. 不同苹果汁发酵苹果醋中风味物质及代谢物差异分析[J]. 食品工业科技,2025,46(16):344−355. doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040283.
GAN Dan, MO Weixian, LI Wei. Analysis of the Differences in Flavor Substances and Metabolites from Apple Cider Vinegar Fermented with Different Apple Juices[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2025, 46(16): 344−355. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040283.
Citation: GAN Dan, MO Weixian, LI Wei. Analysis of the Differences in Flavor Substances and Metabolites from Apple Cider Vinegar Fermented with Different Apple Juices[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2025, 46(16): 344−355. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040283.

不同苹果汁发酵苹果醋中风味物质及代谢物差异分析

Analysis of the Differences in Flavor Substances and Metabolites from Apple Cider Vinegar Fermented with Different Apple Juices

  • 摘要: 为开发一款风味优良的发酵苹果醋,本研究以不同苹果汁为原料,通过电子鼻、电子舌、气质联用(Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,GC-MS)及非靶向代谢组学技术,探究不同苹果醋挥发性风味化合物以及代谢物和代谢通路的差异。电子鼻、电子舌结果表明,苹果醋的整体气味由氮氧化物、甲基化合物、硫化物、醇类、醛类、酮类、醚类和芳香族化合物组成,不同苹果汁发酵的苹果醋整体风味相似,其中PG-3酸味最强,气味也最浓烈。GC-MS结果显示,三组样品共解析出78个化合物,其中16个为关键气味活性化合物,对苹果醋风味具有重要贡献。除乙酸外,乙酸异戊酯在三组样品中含量均最高,这是苹果固有的香气成分,其次是异戊醇,为苹果醋增添了花香味,还有反,顺-2,6-壬二烯醛、壬醛、乙酸苯乙酯、苯乙醇、苯甲醛等,是苹果醋香气的关键成分。非靶向代谢组学结果表明,三组样品注释到的KEGG通路中代谢大类通路占比最高,辅助因子的生物合成、核苷酸代谢、植物次生代谢产物的生物合成、类黄酮生物合成、嘌呤代谢、ABC转运蛋白、角质、软木脂和蜡的生物合成等通路是苹果醋发酵过程中代谢产物转化的重要通路。因此,PG-3在三种不同苹果醋中具有更浓郁的复合香气,说明使用有机浓缩苹果汁发酵的苹果醋在风味上优于普通浓缩苹果汁和鲜榨红富士苹果汁。

     

    Abstract: In order to develop a fermented apple cider vinegar with excellent flavor. In this study, different apple juices were used as raw materials. Through electronic nose, electronic tongue, GC-MS and non-targeted metabolomics techniques, the effects of characteristic flavor substances, volatile flavor compounds and metabolites of different apple cider vinegar were explored. The results of electronic nose and electronic tongue indicated that the overall odor of apple cider vinegar was composed of nitrogen oxides, methyl compounds, sulfides, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, ethers and aromatic compounds. The overall flavor of apple cider vinegar fermented from different apple juices was similar, among which PG-3 had the strongest acidity and the most intense odor. The GC-MS results showed that a total of 78 compounds were parsed from the three groups of samples, among which 16 were odor-active compounds, contributing significantly to the flavor of apple cider vinegar. Except for acetic acid, isoamyl acetate had the highest content in all three groups of samples, which was an inherent aroma component of apples. This was followed by isoamyl alcohol, which contributed a floral note to apple cider vinegar. Other key aroma constituents included (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal, nonanal, phenethyl acetate, phenylethyl alcohol, and benzaldehyde. The non-targeted metabolomics results showed that the KEGG pathways annotated by the three groups of samples accounted for the highest proportion of the metabolism pathways. Biosynthesis of cofactors, nucleotide metabolism, biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites, flavonoid biosynthesis, purine metabolism, ABC transporters, cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis were important metabolites transformation pathways during cider vinegar fermentation. Therefore, PG-3 had a more intense and complex aroma in three different types of apple cider vinegar, indicating that apple cider vinegar fermented with organic concentrated apple juice was superior in flavor to ordinary concentrated apple juice and freshly squeezed red Fuji apple juice.

     

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