Abstract: Hyperlipidemia (HP) is a common chronic metabolic disease with a rapidly increasing incidence reported in recent years. However, lipid-lowering medications are often associated with poor tolerance and numerous adverse effects. Studies have shown that dietary fiber, one of the seven major nutrients, can intervene in the onset and progression of HP through mechanisms, such as intestinal microbiota and metabolic product regulation and intestinal barrier repair. This review addresses the role of the gut microbiota balance in HP pathogenesis; analyzes the effects of different types of dietary fiber on the composition, structure, and function of the gut microbiota; and explores how dietary fiber regulates gut microbiota metabolites, particularly short-chain fatty acids and bile acids, thereby influencing lipid metabolism and inflammatory responses. Collectively, this provides a theoretical basis for the regulation of lipid metabolism disorders from the perspective of gut microbiota balance.