Abstract: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are complex disorders characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation, exhibiting a steadily rising global incidence. The pathogenesis of IBD involves multifactorial interactions among genetic susceptibility, gut microbiota dysbiosis, immune dysregulation, and environmental factors (notably dietary patterns). While current pharmacological therapies have advanced, significant challenges persist in achieving sustained clinical remission and preventing relapse. The dietary intervention strategies hold considerable therapeutic potential for IBD management due to their favorable safety profile and unique capacity to modulate the gut microbiome. Recent studies demonstrated that dietary interventions can alleviate IBD through multiple mechanisms, including restructuring the gut microbiota, promoting the production of short-chain fatty acids, enhancing epithelial barrier function, and balancing the immune responses of Th17/Treg. These strategies exhibit multi-target efficacy and offer a promising direction for innovating preventive and therapeutic approaches against IBD. Therefore, this review systematically summarizes the principal pathological subtypes and pathogenic mechanisms of IBD, with a specific focus on the regulatory effects and underlying mechanisms of dietary interventions, including functional oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation. The findings will offer the novel theoretical insights and therapeutic approaches for IBD prevention and clinical management.