Abstract: To enhance quality control and promote comprehensive utilization of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua resources, this study systematically investigated the nutritional quality and polysaccharide structural features of rhizomes collected from Tonggu across 1~6 age sections. The contents of polysaccharides, saponins, and alcohol-soluble extractives were determined to assess variations in nutritional quality. Polysaccharide fractions, hereafter referred to as Polygonatum polysaccharides, were prepared from different age sections using water extraction followed by ethanol precipitation. Structural characterization of these polysaccharides was performed by high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and chemometric analysis. The results revealed that the ash and protein contents initially decreased and then increased with increasing age sections whereas the polysaccharide, saponin, and extractive contents first increased and subsequently declined. The highest polysaccharide content (17.83%) was observed in 2-age-section rhizomes, whereas 3-age-section rhizomes exhibited maximum saponin (2.59%) and extractive (80.74%) contents, indicating that 1–3 age sections possessed superior quality. The polysaccharides were predominantly composed of fructans (with a relative percentage of fructose ranging from 26.61% to 39.65%), have weight-average molecular weights (M_w) ranging from 2.4 to 3.7×10³ Da. Trace amounts of pectin and mannans were also detected. The fructan content in the polysaccharides decreased progressively with increasing age sections. Although the types of glycosidic linkages remained consistent across all age sections, their relative abundances varied significantly. Specifically, the proportions of β-Fruf-(2→, →1)-β-Fruf-(2→, →6)-β-Fruf-(2→, →1,6)-β-Fruf-(2→, α-Glcp-(1→, and →6)-α-Glcp-(1→ residues decreased with advancing age sections, whereas the content of →4)-β-Manp-(1→ residues increased. In conclusion, a systematical comparative analysis of nutritional quality and polysaccharide structure features revealed that 1~3 age sections of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua rhizomes exhibited optimal quality. These findings provided valuable insights for advancing functional research on Polygonatum polysaccharides and establishing robust quality control standards for related products.